An introduction of water resourcesTypes of Water ResourcesSaltwater Resources

Water resources:

Water resources refers to natural resources of water that are potentially useful as a source of water supply. About 97% of the water on the Earth is mainly salt water and only around 3% is fresh water; approximately around two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater can be found mainly as groundwater, only a small fraction is present above the ground or in the air. Natural sources of fresh water comprises surface water, under river flow, groundwater and frozen water. Artificial sources of fresh water might include treated wastewater (reclaimed water) and also desalinated seawater.

Under river flow:

The total volume of water delivered downstream by a river is typically a combination of visible free water flow and a significant contribution flowing via rocks and sediments that lay beneath the river and its floodplain, known as the hyporheic zone. This invisible component of flow may substantially exceed the visible flow for many rivers in big valleys. The hyporheic zone is a dynamic interface that exchanges flow between rivers and aquifers that are either fully charged or depleted. This is especially true in karst environments, which are prone to potholes and subsurface rivers.

Ground water:

Groundwater is a type of freshwater that is found in the pore space of soil and rocks under the surface. It also includes water that flows beneath the water table in aquifers. It’s occasionally helpful to distinguish between surface water-associated groundwater and deep groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes referred to as “fossil water”).

Inputs, outputs, and storage are generally the same for groundwater as they are for surface water. The crucial difference is that, due to its slow turnover rate, groundwater storage is often substantially bigger (in volume) than surface water storage when compared to inputs. Because of this disparity, humans can utilise groundwater in an unsustainable manner for an extended period of time without suffering serious effects. Nonetheless, the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source represents the upper bound for typical water intake from that source over the long run. Seepage from surface water is a natural source of groundwater input. Natural groundwater outflows include springs and seepage into the oceans.

Frozen Water:

Several strategies to use icebergs as a water source have been proposed, however this has only been done for research purposes so far. Surface water is referred to as glacier runoff. The Himalayas, dubbed “The Roof of the World,” are home to some of the world’s most vast and rugged high altitude terrain, as well as the world’s largest glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia’s greatest rivers originate there, and more than a billion people rely on them for survival. To make matters worse, temperatures in the area are rising faster than the world average. Over the last decade, the temperature in Nepal has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius, while the Earth has warmed by about 0.7 °C  globally.

Artificial Sources of Water:

Treated wastewater (reclaimed water) and desalinated seawater are two examples of artificial fresh water sources. However, the economic and environmental consequences of these technologies must be considered.

Conclusion:

Our water resources, which are dispersed over space and time, are under strain as a result of rapid population growth and growing demand. Access to trustworthy data on the availability, quality, and quantity of water, as well as its variability, is essential for effective water resource management.

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